High School Biology

AP Biology is a rigorous, college-level course and exam offered by the College Board. It is designed to be the equivalent of a two-semester introductory biology course in college. A significant change for the 2025 exam administration is the transition to a hybrid digital format.

Topics are: Foundation of Biology, Chemical basis of life, Parts of a cell, Cell functions and processes, Cell division and reproduction, Mendelian genetics, Molecular biology, Evolution, Classification, Human body, Plants, Ecology, Communities and ecosystem, Conservation biology.

AP Biology Past Papers & Solutions

AP Biology 2025 FRQ Solutions

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AP Biology 2023 FRQ Solutions

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AP Biology 2020 Sample Exam Solutions

AP Biology 2019 FRQ Solutions

AP Biology 2018 FRQ Solutions

AP Biology 2017 FRQ Solutions

AP Biology 2015 FRQ Solutions

AP Biology Course Content and Structure
The AP Biology curriculum is organized into eight units, which are designed to provide a deep understanding of core biological principles and concepts. The course emphasizes inquiry-based investigations, and at least 25% of instructional time is dedicated to hands-on lab work. The eight units are:

1. Chemistry of Life: Covers the structure and function of biological macromolecules, the properties of water, and the building blocks of life.

2. Cells: Explores cell structure, function, and the processes of membrane transport.

3. Cellular Energetics: Focuses on enzyme function, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration.

4. Cell Communication and Cell Cycle: Discusses how cells communicate with each other and the mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle.

5. Heredity: Covers the principles of Mendelian and non-Mendelian genetics, meiosis, and chromosomal inheritance.

6. Gene Expression and Regulation: Explores the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein, as well as gene regulation and biotechnology.

7. Natural Selection: Examines the mechanisms and evidence of evolution, population genetics, and speciation.

8. Ecology: Covers the interactions of organisms with their environment, energy flow through ecosystems, and population dynamics.

High School Biology

• Foundation of Biology

  Biology Definition
  Scientific Method Steps
  Science Experiments
  Characteristics of Life

• Chemical Basis of Life

  Physical Matter Properties
  Chemical Matter Properties
  Elements and Compounds
  Chemistry Carbohydrates
  Fats and Lipids
  
  Atomic Structure
  Organic Compounds
  Hydrogen Bonds
  
  Enzymes
  Proteins
  Nucleic Acids

• Parts of a Cell

  Cell Overview
  Prokaryotic Cells
  Eukaryotic Cells
  Nucleus
  
  Ribosomes
  Endoplasmic Reticulum
  Golgi Apparatus
  Mitochondria - Mitochondrian
  
  Vacuoles-Vesicles
  Chloroplast
  Cilia and Flagella
  Cytoskeleton - Cytoplasm
  Cell Membrane - Cell Wall

• Cell Functions and Processes

  Osmosis
  Cellular Energy Production
  Cell Transport
  Homeostasis
  
  Anaerobic Respiration
  Aerobic Respiration
  Cell Diffusion
  Photosynthesis
  
  Calvin Cycle
  Krebs Cycle
  Light Dependent Reactions
  Electron Transport System

• Cell Division and Reproduction

  Chromosome
  Cell Division
  Binary Fission
  Mitosis
  
  Meiosis
  Asexual Reproduction
  Gametes
  Karyotype
  
  Gene Expression
  Sex Chromosomes
  Sex-Linked Genes

• Mendelian Genetics

  Law of Segregation
  Law of Independent Assortment
  Heredity Theory
  Genetic Variation
  Alleles
  
  Genotype
  Phenotype
  Punnett Squares
  Codominance - Incomplete Dominance
  Chromosomes Crossing Over - Linked Genes

• Molecular Biology

  DNA Structure
  RNA Structure
  DNA Replication
  Protein Synthesis
  
  Biology Transcription
  Biology Translation
  Genetic Mutation
  Gene Cloning
  
  Genetically Modified Organisms
  Human Genome Project
  PCR - DNA Fingerprinting
  RFLP - DNA Fingerprinting

• Evolution

  Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
  Natural Selection
  Evolution of Populations
  Hardy-Weinberg
  
  Microevolution - Macroevolution
  Convergent Evolution
  Divergent Evolution
  Coevolution
  
  Adaptive Radiation
  Genetic Drift
  Genetic Flow
  Reproductive Isolation - Prezygotic - Postzygotic
  Speciation

• Classification

  Classification Overview
  Cladistics
  Phylogenetic Tree
  Plant Kingdom
  
  Animal Kingdom
  Protist Kingdom
  Fungi Kingdom
  Bacteria Kingdom
  Viruses

• The Human Body

  Tissues And Organs
  Digestive System
  Muscular System
  Integumentary System
  
  Skeletal System
  Endocrine System
  Nervous System
  Sensory System
  
  Neurons
  Reproductive System
  Respiratory System
  Circulatory System
  Immune System

• Plants

  Plant Structure
  Plant Growth
  Plant Reproduction
  Plant Adaptation
  Plant Hormones

• Ecology

  Ecology Overview
  Climate Definition
  Biosphere
  Terrestrial Biomes
  Aquatic Biomes
  
  Population Density
  Dispersion
  Population Growth
  Behavioral Ecology
  Population Ecology

• Communities and Ecosystems

  Biology Community
  Biology Competition
  Predation
  Symbiotic Relationships
  Keystone Species
  
  Water Cycle
  Carbon Cycle
  Phosphorus Cycle
  Nitrogen Cycle
  
  Ecological Pyramids Food Chain
  Food Web

• Conservation Biology

  Biodiversity
  Habitat Destruction
  Natural Resource Depletion
  
  Climate Change
  Atmosphere
  Endangered Species
  Sustainable Development

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