High School Biology

AP Biology is a rigorous, college-level course and exam offered by the College Board. It is designed to be the equivalent of a two-semester introductory biology course in college. A significant change for the 2025 exam administration is the transition to a hybrid digital format.

Topics are: Foundation of Biology, Chemical basis of life, Parts of a cell, Cell functions and processes, Cell division and reproduction, Mendelian genetics, Molecular biology, Evolution, Classification, Human body, Plants, Ecology, Communities and ecosystem, Conservation biology.

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AP Biology Course Content and Structure
The AP Biology curriculum is organized into eight units, which are designed to provide a deep understanding of core biological principles and concepts. The course emphasizes inquiry-based investigations, and at least 25% of instructional time is dedicated to hands-on lab work. The eight units are:

1. Chemistry of Life: Covers the structure and function of biological macromolecules, the properties of water, and the building blocks of life.

2. Cells: Explores cell structure, function, and the processes of membrane transport.

3. Cellular Energetics: Focuses on enzyme function, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration.

4. Cell Communication and Cell Cycle: Discusses how cells communicate with each other and the mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle.

5. Heredity: Covers the principles of Mendelian and non-Mendelian genetics, meiosis, and chromosomal inheritance.

6. Gene Expression and Regulation: Explores the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein, as well as gene regulation and biotechnology.

7. Natural Selection: Examines the mechanisms and evidence of evolution, population genetics, and speciation.

8. Ecology: Covers the interactions of organisms with their environment, energy flow through ecosystems, and population dynamics.

High School Biology

• Foundation of Biology

  Biology Definition
  Scientific Method Steps
  Science Experiments
  Characteristics of Life

• Chemical Basis of Life

  Physical Matter Properties
  Chemical Matter Properties
  Elements and Compounds
  Chemistry Carbohydrates
  Fats and Lipids
  
  Atomic Structure
  Organic Compounds
  Hydrogen Bonds
  
  Enzymes
  Proteins
  Nucleic Acids

• Parts of a Cell

  Cell Overview
  Prokaryotic Cells
  Eukaryotic Cells
  Nucleus
  
  Ribosomes
  Endoplasmic Reticulum
  Golgi Apparatus
  Mitochondria - Mitochondrian
  
  Vacuoles-Vesicles
  Chloroplast
  Cilia and Flagella
  Cytoskeleton - Cytoplasm
  Cell Membrane - Cell Wall

• Cell Functions and Processes

  Osmosis
  Cellular Energy Production
  Cell Transport
  Homeostasis
  
  Anaerobic Respiration
  Aerobic Respiration
  Cell Diffusion
  Photosynthesis
  
  Calvin Cycle
  Krebs Cycle
  Light Dependent Reactions
  Electron Transport System

• Cell Division and Reproduction

  Chromosome
  Cell Division
  Binary Fission
  Mitosis
  
  Meiosis
  Asexual Reproduction
  Gametes
  Karyotype
  
  Gene Expression
  Sex Chromosomes
  Sex-Linked Genes

• Mendelian Genetics

  Law of Segregation
  Law of Independent Assortment
  Heredity Theory
  Genetic Variation
  Alleles
  
  Genotype
  Phenotype
  Punnett Squares
  Codominance - Incomplete Dominance
  Chromosomes Crossing Over - Linked Genes

• Molecular Biology

  DNA Structure
  RNA Structure
  DNA Replication
  Protein Synthesis
  
  Biology Transcription
  Biology Translation
  Genetic Mutation
  Gene Cloning
  
  Genetically Modified Organisms
  Human Genome Project
  PCR - DNA Fingerprinting
  RFLP - DNA Fingerprinting

• Evolution

  Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
  Natural Selection
  Evolution of Populations
  Hardy-Weinberg
  
  Microevolution - Macroevolution
  Convergent Evolution
  Divergent Evolution
  Coevolution
  
  Adaptive Radiation
  Genetic Drift
  Genetic Flow
  Reproductive Isolation - Prezygotic - Postzygotic
  Speciation

• Classification

  Classification Overview
  Cladistics
  Phylogenetic Tree
  Plant Kingdom
  
  Animal Kingdom
  Protist Kingdom
  Fungi Kingdom
  Bacteria Kingdom
  Viruses

• The Human Body

  Tissues And Organs
  Digestive System
  Muscular System
  Integumentary System
  
  Skeletal System
  Endocrine System
  Nervous System
  Sensory System
  
  Neurons
  Reproductive System
  Respiratory System
  Circulatory System
  Immune System

• Plants

  Plant Structure
  Plant Growth
  Plant Reproduction
  Plant Adaptation
  Plant Hormones

• Ecology

  Ecology Overview
  Climate Definition
  Biosphere
  Terrestrial Biomes
  Aquatic Biomes
  
  Population Density
  Dispersion
  Population Growth
  Behavioral Ecology
  Population Ecology

• Communities and Ecosystems

  Biology Community
  Biology Competition
  Predation
  Symbiotic Relationships
  Keystone Species
  
  Water Cycle
  Carbon Cycle
  Phosphorus Cycle
  Nitrogen Cycle
  
  Ecological Pyramids Food Chain
  Food Web

• Conservation Biology

  Biodiversity
  Habitat Destruction
  Natural Resource Depletion
  
  Climate Change
  Atmosphere
  Endangered Species
  Sustainable Development

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