GCSE/IGCSE Biology
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The syllabus or topics for the Edexcel IGCSE Biology is as shown below. Check out the videos for explanations on each topic.
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GCSE/IGCSE Chemistry
GCSE/IGCSE Maths
Cambridge IGCSE Past Papers, Mark Schemes, Questions and Solutions Questions and Solutions for Cambridge IGCSE Biology 0610 Paper 2
Questions and Solutions for Cambridge IGCSE Biology 0610 Paper 4
Questions and Solutions for Cambridge IGCSE Biology 0610 Paper 6
The topics are
- The nature and variety of living organisms
- Structures and functions in living organisms
- Reproduction and inheritance
- Ecology and the environment
- Use of biological resources
Section 1: The Nature And Variety Of Living Organisms
a) Characteristics of living organisms -
Video
1.1 Recall that living organisms share the following basic characteristics:
they require nutrition, they respire, they excrete their waste, they respond to their surroundings, they move,
they control their internal conditions, they reproduce, they grow and develop.
Also see the characteristics of living organisms according to the Cambridge IGCSE syllabus.
b) Variety of living organisms
1.2 Describe the common features shared by organisms within
the following main groups, plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, protoctists and viruses, and for each
group describe examples and their features as follows (details of life cycle and economic importance are
not required). - Video
Plants: These are multicellular organisms; they contain chloroplasts and
are able to carry out photosynthesis; they have cellulose cell walls; they store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose.
Examples include flowering plants, such as a cereal (for example maize) and a herbaceous legume (for example peas or beans).
Animals: These are multicellular organisms; they do not contain chloroplasts
and are not able to carry out photosynthesis; they have no cell walls; they usually have nervous coordination
and are able to move from one place to another; they often store carbohydrate as glycogen.
Examples include mammals (for example humans) and insects (for example housefly and mosquito).
Fungi: These are organisms that are not able to carry out photosynthesis;
their body is usually organised into a mycelium made from thread-like structures called hyphae, which
contain many nuclei; some examples are single-celled; they have cell walls made of chitin; they feed by
extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material and absorption of the organic products;
this is known as saprotrophic nutrition; they may store carbohydrate as glycogen.
Examples include Mucor, which has the typical fungal hyphal structure, and yeast which is single-celled.
Bacteria: These are microscopic single-celled organisms; they have a cell
wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and plasmids; they lack a nucleus but contain a circular chromosome of DNA;
some bacteria can carry out photosynthesis but most feed off other living or dead organisms.
Examples include Lactobacillus bulgaricus, a rod-shaped bacterium used in the production of yoghurt from milk,
and Pneumococcus, a spherical bacterium that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia.
Protoctists: These are microscopic single-celled organisms. Some, like Amoeba, that live in pond water, have features like an animal cell, while others, like Chlorella, have chloroplasts and are more like plants. A pathogenic example is Plasmodium, responsible for causing malaria.
Viruses: These are small particles, smaller than bacteria; they are parasitic
and can reproduce only inside living cells; they infect every type of living organism. They have a wide
variety of shapes and sizes; they have no cellular structure but have a protein coat and contain one
type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA.
Examples include the tobacco mosaic virus that causes discolouring of the leaves of tobacco plants by
preventing the formation of chloroplasts, the influenza virus that causes flu and the HIV virus that causes AIDS.
1.3 Recall the term Pathogen and know that pathogens may be fungi, bacteria, protoctists or viruses. - Video
Section 2: Structures And Functions In Living Organisms
a) Levels of organisation
2.1 Describe the levels of organisation within organisms: organelles,
cells, tissues, organs and systems. - Video
b) Cell structure
2.2 Recognise cell structures, including the nucleus, cytoplasm,
cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole - Video
2.3 Describe the functions of the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane,
cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole - Video
2.4 Describe the differences between plant and animal
cells. - Video
c) Biological molecules
2.5 Recall the chemical elements present in carbohydrates, proteins
and lipids (fats and oils) - Video
2.6 Describe the structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
as large molecules made up from smaller basic units: starch and glycogen from simple sugar; protein from
amino acids; lipid from fatty acids and glycerol - Video
2.7 Describe the tests for glucose and starch - Video
2.8 Understand the role of enzymes as biological catalysts
in metabolic reactions - Video
2.9 Understand how the functioning of enzymes can be affected
by changes in temperature Video
2.10 Understand how the functioning of enzymes can be affected
by changes in pH Video
2.11 Describe how to carry out simple controlled experiments
to illustrate how enzyme activity can be affected by changes in temperature. - Video
d) Movement of substances into and out of cells
2.12 Recall simple definitions of diffusion, osmosis and active
transport - Video
2.13 Understand that movement of substances into and out of cells
can be by diffusion, osmosis and active transport - Video
2.14 Understand the importance in plants of turgid cells as a
means of support - Video
2.15 Understand the factors that affect the rate of movement
of substances into and out of cells to include the effects of surface area to volume ratio, temperature
and concentration gradient - Video
2.16 Describe simple experiments on diffusion and osmosis using
living and non-living systems.- Video
e) Nutrition
Nutrition - Flowering plants
2.17 Describe the process of photosynthesis and understand its
importance in the conversion of light energy to chemical energy - Video
2.18 Recall the word equation and the balanced chemical symbol
equation for photosynthesis - Video
2.19 Understand how carbon dioxide concentration, light
intensity and temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis - Video
2.20 Explain how the structure of the leaf is adapted for
photosynthesis - Video
2.21 Recall that plants require mineral ions for growth
and that magnesium ions are needed for chlorophyll and nitrate ions are needed for amino
acids - Video
2.22 Describe simple controlled experiments to investigate
photosynthesis, showing the evolution of oxygen from a water plant, the production of starch and the
requirements of light, carbon dioxide and chlorophyll - Video
Nutrition - Humans
2.23 Understand that a balanced diet should include appropriate
proportions of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, vitamins, minerals, water and dietary fibre - Video
2.24 Recall sources and describe functions of carbohydrate,
protein, lipid (fats and oils), vitamins A, C and D, and the mineral ions calcium and iron, water
and dietary fibre as components of the diet - Video
2.25 Understand that energy requirements vary with activity
levels, age and pregnancy - Video
2.26 Recognise the structures of the human alimentary canal
and describe in outline the functions of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine and pancreas - Video, Video
2.27 Understand the processes of ingestion, digestion,
absorption, assimilation and egestion - Video, Video
2.28 Explain how and why food is moved through the gut by
peristalsis - Video, Video
2.29 Understand the role of digestive enzymes to include
the digestion of starch to glucose by amylase and maltase, the digestion of proteins to amino
acids by proteases and the digestion of lipids to fatty acids and glycerol by
lipases - Video, Video
2.30 Recall that bile is produced by the liver and stored in
the gall bladder, and understand the role of bile in neutralising stomach acid and emulsifying
lipids - Video, Video
2.31 Explain how the structure of a villus helps absorption
of the products of digestion in the small intestine - Video, Video
2.32 Recall how to carry out a simple experiment to
determine the energy content in a food sample. - Video, Video
f) Respiration
2.33 Recall that the process of respiration releases energy in living
organisms - Video
2.34 Describe the differences between aerobic and anaerobic
respiration - Video
2.35 Recall the word equation and the balanced chemical
symbol equation for aerobic respiration in living organisms - Video
2.36 Recall the word equation for anaerobic respiration in
plants and in animals - Video
2.37 Describe simple controlled experiments to demonstrate
the evolution of carbon dioxide and heat from respiring seeds or other suitable living organisms.
g) Gas exchange
2.38 Understand the role of diffusion in gas
exchange - Video
Gas Exchange - Flowering plants
2.39 Understand gas exchange (of carbon dioxide and oxygen)
in relation to respiration and photosynthesis - Video
2.40 Understand that respiration continues during the day
and night, but that the net exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen depends on the intensity of
light - Video
2.41 Explain how the structure of the leaf is adapted
for gas exchange - Video
2.42 Describe the role of stomata in gas
exchange - Video
2.43 Describe simple controlled experiments to
investigate the effect of light on net gas exchange from a leaf, using hydrogen-carbonate indicator
Gas Exchange - Humans
2.44 Describe the structure of the thorax, including the ribs,
intercostal muscles, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and pleural membranes - Video
2.45 Understand the role of the intercostal muscles and
the diaphragm in ventilation - Video
2.46 Explain how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange
by diffusion between air in the lungs and blood in capillaries - Video
2.47 Understand the biological consequences of smoking
in relation to the lungs and the circulatory system - Video
2.48 Describe a simple experiment to investigate the
effect of exercise on breathing in humans.
h) Transport
2.49 Understand why simple, unicellular organisms can rely
on diffusion for movement of substances in and out of the cell - Video
2.50 Understand the need for a transport system in
multicellular organisms - Video
Transport - Flowering plants
2.51 Describe the role of phloem in transporting sucrose
and amino acids between the leaves and other parts of the plant - Video
2.52 Describe the role of the xylem in transporting water
and mineral salts from the roots to other parts of the plant - Video
2.53 Explain how water is absorbed by root hair
cells - Video
2.54 Recall that transpiration is the evaporation of water
from the surface of a plant - Video
2.55 Explain how the rate of transpiration is affected by
changes in humidity, wind speed, temperature and light intensity - Video
2.56 Describe experiments that investigate the role of
environmental factors in determining the rate of transpiration from a leafy shoot - Video
Transport - Humans
2.57 Recall the composition of the blood: red blood cells, white
blood cells, platelets and plasma - Video
2.58 Understand the role of plasma in the transport of carbon
dioxide, digested food, urea, hormones and heat energy - Video
2.59 Describe the adaptations of red blood cells for the
transport of oxygen, including shape, structure and the presence of haemoglobin - Video
2.60 Describe how the immune system responds to disease using
white blood cells, illustrated by phagocytes ingesting pathogens and lymphocytes releasing antibodies
specific to the pathogen - Video
2.61 Understand that vaccination results in the manufacture
of memory cells, which enable future antibody production to the pathogen to occur sooner, faster and
in greater quantity - Video
2.62 Recall that platelets are involved in blood clotting,
which prevents blood loss and the entry of microorganisms - Video
2.63 Describe the structure of the heart and how it
functions - Video
2.64 Understand that the heart rate changes during
exercise and under the influence of adrenaline - Video
2.65 Describe the structure of arteries, veins and
capillaries and understand their roles - Video
2.66 Recall the general plan of the circulation
system to include the blood vessels to and from the heart, the lungs, the liver and the
kidneys. - Video
i) Excretion
Excretion - Flowering plants
2.67 Recall the origin of carbon dioxide and oxygen as waste
products of metabolism and their loss from the stomata of a leaf - Video
Excretion - Humans
2.68 Recall that the lungs, kidneys and skin are organs of
excretion - Video
2.69 Understand how the kidney carries out its roles of
excretion and of osmoregulation - Video
2.70 Describe the structure of the urinary system, including
the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra - Video
2.71 Describe the structure of a nephron, to include Bowman’s
capsule and glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henle collecting duct - Video
2.72 Describe ultrafiltration in the Bowmanӳ capsule and the
composition of the glomerular filtrate - Video
2.73 Understand that water is reabsorbed into the blood
from the collecting duct - Video
2.74 Understand that selective reabsorption of glucose
occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule - Video
2.75 Describe the role of ADH in regulating the water
content of the blood - Video
2.76 Recall that urine contains water, urea and
salts. - Video
j) Coordination and response
2.77 Understand that organisms are able to respond to changes
in their environment - Video
2.78 Understand that homeostasis is the maintenance of a
constant internal environment and that body water content and body temperature are both examples of
homeostasis - Video
2.79 Understand that a coordinated response requires a
stimulus, a receptor and an effector - Video
Coordination and Response - Flowering plants
2.80 Understand that plants respond to stimuli - Video
2.81 Describe the geotropic responses of roots and stems - Video
2.82 Describe positive phototropism of stems - Video
Coordination and Response - Humans
2.83 Describe how responses can be controlled by nervous or by
hormonal communication and understand the differences between the two systems
2.84 Recall that the central nervous system consists of the
brain and spinal cord and is linked to sense organs by nerves - Video
2.85 Understand that stimulation of receptors in the sense organs
sends electrical impulses along nerves into and out of the central nervous system, resulting in rapid
responses - Video
2.86 Describe the structure and functioning of a simple
reflex arc illustrated by the withdrawal of a finger from a hot object - Video
2.87 Describe the structure and function of the eye as a
receptor - Video
2.88 Understand the function of the eye in focusing near and
distant objects, and in responding to changes in light intensity - Video
2.89 Describe the role of the skin in temperature regulation,
with reference to sweating, vasoconstriction and vasodilation - Video
2.90 Understand the sources, roles and effects of the following
hormones: ADH, adrenaline, insulin, testosterone, progesterone and oestrogen.
Section 3: Reproduction And Inheritance
a) Reproduction
3.1 Describe the differences between sexual and asexual
reproduction - Video
3.2 Understand that fertilisation involves the fusion
of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into
an embryo - Video
Reproduction - Flowering plants
3.3 Describe the structures of an insect-pollinated and
a wind-pollinated flower and explain how each is adapted for pollination - Video
3.4 Understand that the growth of the pollen tube followed
by fertilisation leads to seed and fruit formation - Video
3.5 Recall the conditions needed for seed
germination - Video
3.6 Understand how germinating seeds utilise food
reserves until the seedling can carry out photosynthesis - Video
3.7 Understand that plants can reproduce asexually by natural
methods (illustrated by runners) and by artificial methods (illustrated by cuttings) - Video
Reproduction - Humans
3.8 Recall the structure and function of the male and female
reproductive systems - Video
3.9 Understand the roles of oestrogen and progesterone in
the menstrual cycle - Video
3.10 Describe the role of the placenta in the nutrition of
the developing embryo - Video
3.11 Understand how the developing embryo is protected by
amniotic fluid - Video
3.12 Recall the roles of oestrogen and testosterone in the
development of secondary sexual characteristics. - Video
**b) Inheritance
3.13 Recall that the nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes on which genes are located - Video
3.14 Understand that a gene is a section of a molecule of DNA - Video
3.15 Describe a DNA molecule as two strands coiled to form a double helix, the strands being linked by a series of paired bases: adenine (A) with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) with guanine (G) - Video
3.16 Understand that genes exist in alternative forms called alleles which give rise to differences in inherited characteristics - Video
3.17 Recall the meaning of the terms: dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype and codominance - Video
3.18 Describe patterns of monohybrid inheritance using a genetic diagram - Video
3.19 Understand how to interpret family pedigrees - Video
3.20 Predict probabilities of outcomes from monohybrid crosses - Video
3.21 Recall that the sex of a person is controlled by one pair of chromosomes, XX in a female and XY in a male - Video
3.22 Describe the determination of the sex of offspring at fertilisation, using a genetic diagram - Video
3.23 Understand that division of a diploid cell by mitosis produces two cells which contain identical sets of chromosomes - Video
3.24 Understand that mitosis occurs during growth, repair, cloning and asexual reproduction - Video
3.25 Understand that division of a cell by meiosis produces four cells, each with half the number of chromosomes, and that this results in the formation of genetically different haploid gametes - Video
3.26 Understand that random fertilisation produces genetic variation of offspring
3.27 Recall that in human cells the diploid number of chromosomes is 46 and the haploid number is 23
3.28 Understand that variation within a species can be genetic, environmental, or a combination of both - Video
3.29 Recall that mutation is a rare, random change in genetic material that can be inherited - Video
3.30 Describe the process of evolution by means of natural selection
3.31 Understand that many mutations are harmful but some are neutral and a few are beneficial - Video
3.32 Understand how resistance to antibiotics can increase in bacterial populations - Video
3.33 Understand that the incidence of mutations can be increased by exposure to ionising radiation (for example gamma rays, X-rays and ultraviolet rays) and some chemical mutagens (for example chemicals in tobacco). - Video
Section 4: Ecology And The Environment
a) The organism in the environment
4.1 Understand the terms population, community, habitat and
ecosystem - Video
4.2 Recall the use of quadrats to estimate the population
size of an organism in two different areas - Video
4.3 Describe the use of quadrats as a technique for sampling
the distribution of organisms in their habitats. - Video
b) Feeding relationships
4.4 Recall the names given to different trophic levels to
include producers, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers and decomposers - Video
4.5 Understand the concepts of food chains, food webs, pyramids
of number, pyramids of biomass and pyramids of energy transfer - Video
4.6 Understand the transfer of substances and of energy along
a food chain - Video
4.7 Explain why only about 10% of energy is transferred from
one trophic level to the next. - Video
c) Cycles within ecosystems
4.8 Describe the stages in the water cycle, including evaporation,
transpiration, condensation and precipitation - Video
4.9 Describe the stages in the carbon cycle, including respiration,
photosynthesis, decomposition and combustion - Video
4.10 Describe the stages in the nitrogen cycle, including the
roles of nitrogen fixing bacteria, decomposers, nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria
(specific names of bacteria are not required). - Video
d) Human influences on the environment
4.11 Understand the biological consequences of pollution of air
by sulfur dioxide and by carbon monoxide - Video
4.12 Recall that water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide,
methane and CFCs are greenhouse gases - Video
4.13 Understand how human activities contribute to greenhouse
gases - Video
4.14 Understand how an increase in greenhouse gases results in an
enhanced greenhouse effect and that this may lead to global warming and its consequences - Video
4.15 Understand the biological consequences of pollution of water
by sewage including increases in the number of microorganisms causing depletion of oxygen - Video
4.16 Understand that eutrophication can result from leached minerals
from fertiliser - Video
4.17 Understand the effects of deforestation, including leaching, soil
erosion, disturbance of the water cycle and of the balance in atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide. - Video
Section 5: Use Of Biological Resources
a) Food production
Food production - Crop plants
5.1 Describe how glasshouses and polythene tunnels can be used to
increase the yield of certain crops - Video
5.2 Understand the effects on crop yield of increased carbon dioxide
and increased temperature in glasshouses - Video
5.3 Understand the use of fertiliser to increase crop
yield - Video
5.4 Understand the reasons for pest control and the advantages
and disadvantages of using pesticides and biological control with crop plants - Video
Food production - Microorganisms
5.5 Understand the role of yeast in the production of
beer - Video
5.6 Describe a simple experiment to investigate carbon
dioxide production by yeast, in different conditions
5.7 Understand the role of bacteria (Lactobacillus)
in the production of yoghurt - Video
5.8 Interpret and label a diagram of an industrial fermenter and
explain the need to provide suitable conditions in the fermenter, including aseptic precautions, nutrients,
optimum temperature and pH, oxygenation and agitation, for the growth of microorganisms - Video
Food production - Fish farming
5.9 Explain the methods which are used to farm large numbers of fish
to provide a source of protein, including maintenance of water quality, control of intraspecific and
interspecific predation, control of disease, removal of waste products, quality and frequency of feeding and
the use of selective breeding. - Video
b) Selective breeding
5.10 Understand that plants with desired characteristics can be
developed by selective breeding - Video
5.11 Understand that animals with desired characteristics can be
developed by selective breeding. - Video
c) Genetic modification (genetic engineering)
5.12 Describe the use of restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific
sites and ligase enzymes to join pieces of DNA together - Video
5.13 Describe how plasmids and viruses can act as vectors, which
take up pieces of DNA, then insert this recombinant DNA into other cells - Video
5.14 Understand that large amounts of human insulin can be manufactured
from genetically modified bacteria that are grown in a fermenter - Video
5.15 Evaluate the potential for using genetically modified plants
to improve food production (illustrated by plants with improved resistance to pests) - Video
5.16 Recall that the term Transgenic means the transfer of genetic
material from one species to a different species.- Video
d) Cloning
5.17 Describe the process of micropropagation (tissue culture) in
which small pieces of plants (explants) are grown in vitro using nutrient media - Video
5.18 Understand how micropropagation can be used to produce commercial
quantities of identical plants (clones) with desirable characteristics - Video
5.19 Describe the stages in the production of cloned mammals involving
the introduction of a diploid nucleus from a mature cell into an enucleated egg cell, illustrated by Dolly
the sheep - Video
5.20 Evaluate the potential for using cloned transgenic animals, for
example to produce commercial quantities of human antibodies or organs for transplantation - Video
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