Biology

Junior Certificate Science Experiments for Biology

Testing for Biochemicals

Biuret Test for Protein
Benedict Test for Reducing Sugars
Benedict Test for Non-Reducing Sugars
Indophenol Test for Vitamin C

Iodine Test for Starch
Test for starch in leaf
Alcohol Emulsion Test – Lipids (Fats and Oils) Test

Amylase Iodine Test
Amylase Benedict Test

Biology for Key Stage 3

Food Chains
Food Webs
Energy transfer in chains and webs
Energy from food used for respiration
Energy Pyramids

Sensitivity
Muscles and Movement
Muscle Response

Plants and Light
Plants and Responses
Growing Plants and Fair Test
Growing Water Cress (fair test)
Warming Up (fair test)
Red Squirrel Population

Microbes and washing hands
Size of Microbes
Growth rate of microbes
Prevention of infection during operations
Microbes sterilization - Control of infection in operating theatre
Microbes and spots on your face

Plant growth rates
Plant growth and photosynthesis
Plant growth results
Conditions For Growth in Plants

Plant nutrients and CO2
Effect of CO2 concentration on plant biomass
Oxygen production by photosynthesis
Plant stress

Human Nutrition
Human Digestion - saliva and gastric juices
Digestion after the stomach
Digestion - breaking down complex molecules
Feeding Habits
Energy used by knotweed
Energy in food

Respiration Products
Respiration equation
Respiration and lack of oxygen
Respiration in Cells
Respiration - Efficiency of horses

Onion cells and Cheek cells
Cells - Model of animal cell
Cells - Plant cell structure
Function of the Cell membrane

Cells and growth
Cells and Reproduction
Cell growth rate
Cells - Yeast growth and the nucleus
Growing skin cells

Reproduction - fertilisation
Reproduction in plants
Self and cross pollination
Reproduction - pollination of apple trees
Reproduction pollen tubes in plants

Seeds Dispersal - Wind, Water, Animals, Self

Asexual Reproduction

IGCSE Biology

The following lessons cover some of the topics for the Edexcel IGCSE Biology

The Nature and Variety of Living Organism
Characteristics of living organism
Variety of living organism
Pathogens: fungi, bacteria, protoctists or viruses.

Cell Structure
Levels of Organisation
Cell structures, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole
Describe the functions of the nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplast and vacuole
Describe the differences between plant and animal cells.

Biological Molecules
The chemical elements present in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats and oils)
Describe the structure of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids as large molecules made up from smaller basic units: starch and glycogen from simple sugar; protein from amino acids; lipid from fatty acids and glycerol
Describe the tests for glucose and starch
The role of enzymes as biological catalysts in metabolic reactions
How the functioning of enzymes can be affected by changes in temperature
How the functioning of enzymes can be affected by changes in pH

Movement of substances into and out of cell
Definitions of diffusion, osmosis and active transport
The movement of substances into and out of cells can be by diffusion, osmosis
and active transport
The importance in plants of turgid cells as a means of support
The factors that affect the rate of movement of substances into and out of cells
to include the effects of surface area to volume ratio, temperature and concentration
gradient

Nutrition in Flowering Plants
Photosynthesis and understand its importance in the conversion of light energy to chemical energy
The word equation and the balanced chemical symbol equation for photosynthesis
Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis
How the structure of the leaf is adapted for photosynthesis
Plants require mineral ions for growth, magnesium ions for chlorophyll and nitrate ions for amino acids

Nutrition in Humans
A balanced diet should include appropriate proportions of
carbohydrate, protein, lipid, vitamins, minerals, water and dietary fibre
Sources and functions of carbohydrate, protein, lipid (fats and oils), vitamins A, C and D, and the mineral ions calcium and iron, water and dietary fibre as components of the diet

Respiration
The process of respiration releases energy in living organisms
Describe the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
The word equation and the balanced chemical symbol equation for aerobic
respiration in living organisms
The word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and in animals

Human Respiration
Thorax structure
Ventilation
Alveoli adaptations
Biological effects of smoking

Transport
Diffusion in unicellular organisms
Transport systems in multicellular organisms

Blood
Composition of Blood
Role of Plasma
Red Blood Cells
Phagocytosis
Lymphocytes
Vaccination
Clotting

The Heart
Describe the structure of the heart and how it functions
The heart rate changes during exercise and under the influence of adrenaline
Describe the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries and understand their roles
The general plan of the circulation system to include the blood vessels to and from
the heart, the lungs, the liver and the kidneys.

Coordination and Response in Flowering plants
Understand that plants respond to stimuli
Describe the geotropic responses of roots and stems
Describe positive phototropism of stem

Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Describe the structures of an insect-pollinated and a wind-pollinated flower and explain how each is adapted for pollination
The growth of the pollen tube followed by fertilisation leads to seed and fruit formation
How germinating seeds utilise food reserves until the seedling can carry
out photosynthesis
Plants can reproduce asexually by by natural methods (illustrated by runners) and by artificial methods (illustrated by cuttings)

The Organism in the Environment
Population, community, habitat and ecosystem
Use of quadrats to estimate the population size of an organism in two different
areas
Ddescribe the use of quadrats as a technique for sampling the distribution of organisms in their habitats.

Feeding Relationships
Names given to different trophic levels to include producers, primary, secondary
and tertiary consumers and decomposers
The concepts of food chains, food webs, pyramids of number, pyramids of biomass and pyramids of energy transfer
The transfer of substances and of energy along a food chain
Why only about 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next

Cycles within Ecosystems
The stages in the water cycle, including evaporation, transpiration,
condensation and precipitation
The stages in the carbon cycle, including respiration, photosynthesis,
decomposition and combustion
The stages in the nitrogen cycle, including the roles of nitrogen fixing bacteria, decomposers, nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria (specific names of bacteria are not required)

Human influences on the environment
Tthe biological consequences of pollution of air by sulfur dioxide and by carbon
monoxide
Water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and CFCs are greenhouse
gases
How human activities contribute to greenhouse gases
How an increase in greenhouse gases results in an enhanced greenhouse effect
and that this may lead to global warming and its consequences
The biological consequences of pollution of water by sewage including increases in the number of microorganisms causing depletion of oxygen
Eutrophication can result from leached minerals from fertiliser
The effects of deforestation, including leaching, soil erosion, disturbance of the
water cycle and of the balance in atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide

Use of Biological Resources
Food Production
How glasshouses and polythene tunnels can be used to increase the yield of
certain crops
The effects on crop yield of increased carbon dioxide and increased temperature in glasshouses
The use of fertiliser to increase crop yield
Beer Production
The role of bacteria (Lactobacillus) in the production of yoghurt
Industrial fermenter
Fish Farming

Selective Breeding
Genetic Modification

Micropropagation
Commercial plant growing
Mammal Cloning
Cloned transgenic animals

AP Biology and College Biology

AP Biology Labs

Cell Biology

Action Potentials
Adhesion Junctions Between Cells
Angiogenesis
Animal Cell Division
Apoptosis
ATP Synthase - A Molecular Turbine
Bacterial Flagellum
Beating Heart Cell
Biosynthetic Secretory Pathway
Breast Cancer Cells
Calcium Signaling
Calcium Wave During Fertilization
Calmodulin
cAMP Signaling
Cdk2
Cell Compartments
Chemotaxis of Neutrophils
Citric Acid Cycle
Clathrin
Contact Inhibition
Crawling Actin
Crawling Amoeba
Developing Egg Cells
Drosophila Development
Early Zebrafish Development
G-Protein Signaling
Electron-Transport Chain
Embryonic Origin of Tissues
Embryonic Stem Cells
Endosome Fusion
ER Tubules
Exocytotic Transport
Glucose Uptake
Glycolysis
Hair Cells I
Hair Cells II
Hemagglutinin

Intermediate Filaments
Keratocyte Dance
Kinesin

Molecular Biology

Alpha Helix
Antibodies
Aspartate Transcarbamylase
ATP
Bacteriorhodopsin
Beta Sheet
Coiled-coil
Disulfide Bonds
DNA Helicase
DNA Polymerase
DNA Replication
DNA Structure
EF-Tu
Enzyme Catalysis
FRAP
Glucose
Holliday Junction
Homeodomain
Laser Tweezers
Leucine Zipper
Lipids
Lysozyme Reaction
Lysozyme Structure
MHC I
MHC II
Noncovalent Bonds
Oligomeric Proteins
Palmitic Acid
PDB File
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Polyribosome
Potassium Channel
Proline Kinks
Random Walk
Ribosome Ratchet
RNA Polymerase II
RNA Splicing
RNA Structure
SH2 Domain
TATA Binding Protein
Telomere Replication
Translation
tRNA
Sliding Clamp
Zinc Finger Domain

Immunology

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