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Nuclear Chemistry

A series of free High School Chemistry Video Lessons from Brightstorm.

Nuclear Stability
Nuclear stability is what makes certain isotopes radioactive. An isotope is unstable if it has a ratio of protons to neutrons that isn’t within what is called the “band of stability.” Elements with atomic numbers greater than 70 are never stable. Unstable isotopes generally undergo transmutation, alpha decay or beta decay.

Transmutation
Transmutation is the conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another through nuclear reactions. Induced nuclear transmutation is transmutation which is induced by scientists by striking the nuclei with high volume particles. Transuranium elements are elements with atomic numbers larger than 92, or unnaturally occurring elements which must be created by bombarding uranium with protons.

Half-life
Half-life is the concept of time required for half of radioactive isotope’s nuclei to decay. The amount remaining is calculated as the (initial amount) (1/2) (# of 1/2 lives)^n in which the number of 1/2 lives is equal to the time elapsed over the length of half-life.

Fission
Fission involves splitting atomic nuclei into fragments. Atoms with mass numbers close to 60 have been found to be the most stable. Atoms with mass numbers lower than 60 undergo fusion while atoms with higher mass numbers undergo fission. The energy needed to break one mole of nuclei into individual nucleons is called binding energy.

Fusion
Fusion involves the combining of atomic nuclei. Atoms with mass numbers lower than 60 undergo fusion while atoms with higher mass numbers undergo fission. The energy needed to break one mole of nuclei into individual nucleons is called binding energy.

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